Noun Clauses/Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

Tense Harmony or Sequencing

(except for a few exceptions*, the following changes are made when reporting quoted speech)

Quoted speech

Later reporting

present tense verb

simple past

present continuous

past continuous

present perfect

simple past

past perfect

past perfect

simple future (will)

would

future (be going to)

was/were going to

modals:

can

may (possibility)

may (permission)

will

might

must

have to

should

ought to

shall

shall

could

might

could

would

might

had to

had to

should

ought to

would (future)

should (ask for advice)

imperative

infinitive

yes/no question

if + noun clause


Note

:
  • If the reporting verb (the main verb of the sentences, e.g., said, is in the past, the verb in the noun clause will usually be in a past form.

  • If the reporting verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the noun clause verb is not changed.

She says, "I wash my hair every day."

She says she washes her hair every day.

She has said, "I wash my hair every day."

She has said that she washes her hair every day.

She will say, "I wash my hair every day."

She will say that she washes her hair every day.


*Exceptions:


  • If the reported sentence deals with a fact or general truth, the present tense is (can be) retained. She said that the moon causes the tides.

  • If the speaker reports something immediately or soon after it was said, the noun clause verb often remains as spoken.
    A: What did the conductor say?
    B: He said that the next stop is Northgate.
  • If will is the modal in the reported utterance and expresses future time, and if the situation described in the quote still holds true at the time of the indirect report, the will may not be changed to would even though

    the reporting verb is in the past tense:
    Mr. Arden said that a volcanic eruption will occur next year.

Reported Speech

Changes in time and place words

now

today

tomorrow

yesterday

next month

next year

last month

last year

in two days weeks)

five days ago

five weeks ago

here

then, at that time

that day

the following day, the next day, a day later

the previous day, the day before

the following month, the next month, a month later

the following year, the next, year, a year later

the month before, the previous month, the preceding month

the year before, the previous year, the preceding year

two days from then, two weeks from then

five days before, five days earlier

five weeks before, five weeks earlier

there




_______________________________________________________
Click the answer button to see thecorrect answer.

  1. Agnes "I love aikido."
    Michael: "Agnes said (that) she ___ aikido."
    a. loved
    b. loves
    c. loving

  2. Magda: "I went skiing."
    John: "Magda said (that) she ___ skiing."
    a. went
    b. had gone
    c. have gone

  3. Simon: "I will eat pierogi for dinner."
    Kate: "Simon said (that) he ___ eat pierogi for dinner."
    a. willing
    b. will
    c. would

  4. Maria: "I have been to Gdansk."
    Donata: "Maria said (that) she ___ to Gdansk."
    a. had been
    b. has been
    c. was being

  5. Peter: "I have had three cars."
    Simon: "Peter said (that) she ___ three cars.
    a. has
    b. has had
    c. had had

  6. Victoria: "I'm going to go to Poznan."
    John: "Victoria said (that) she ___ going to go to Poznan."
    a. is
    b. was
    c. went

  7. Anna: "I don't like coffee."
    Eric: "Anna said (that) she ___ like coffee."
    a. doesn't
    b. don't
    c. didn't

  8. Roman: "I have never been to London."
    Alicja: "Roman said (that) he ___ never been to London."
    a. had
    b. has
    c. have

  9. Joanna: "I was swimming."
    Simon: "Joanna said (that) she ___ swimming.
    a. has been
    b. had been
    c. have been

  10. Hania: "I had a cat."
    Ela: Hania said (that) she had ___ a cat."
    a. have
    b. has
    c. had

  11. Simon: "I can't swim."
    Donata: "Simon said (that) she ___ swim."
    a. can't
    b. couldn't
    c. can not

  12. Jacek: "I won't buy a new car."
    Kasia: "Jacek said (that) she ___ by a new car."
    a. won't
    b. will
    c. wouldn't


_______________________________________________________

REVIEW INTRO B UNITS 7-9

A. What time is it?
e.g.: 2:10 - It’s two ten.

1) 1:15 – ____________________________________
2) 2:30 – ____________________________________
3) 4:00 – ____________________________________
4) 5:08 – ____________________________________
5) 9:45 – ____________________________________

B. Make questions

e.g.: My brother usually relaxes on Sunday. What does your brother usually do on Sunday?

1) I sometimes spend time with my family. ______________________________________
2) Sharon works at Toyota. _________________________________________
3) I work out on Tuesday evening. _________________________________________
4) His friends sometimes go to the movies. ______________________________________
5) Susan often takes a trip to Phoenix. ________________________________________
6) My shift work lasts for two days. ________________________________________

C. Write the ordinal numbers

Eg.: 22nd - twenty-second.

1) 1st. ________________________
2) 13th. _______________________
3) 49th. _______________________

D. Add IN, ON or AT to the sentences.
e.g.: I sometimes get up at 5:00.

1) What does she do ___ the weekend?
2) I study ___ Saturday too.
3) My dad’s birthday is ____ September 2nd.
4) The meeting is ___ Friday ___ 4:00.
5) ___ Summer we travel to London.
6) The American independence was ___ 1776.

E) Complete the dialogue with the activities. One activity is extra.

take a shower, get up, go to work, check e-mail, go home, work, get dressed, have dinner.

Good afternoon. My name is Peter Hamilton. I’m a biologist. I’m 28 and I’m single. I have a busy life. My day starts early. I __________ at 7:30 a.m.. I have breakfast and I __________________. At work the first thing I do is ______________________ I usually have 20-30 e-mails a day. I ______ from 9:00 to 5:00. I ________________________ at 6:00. Then I ___________________, ________________, and go to bed.

Check the answers with your teacher!


quinta-feira, 20 de novembro de 2008

_______________________________________________________

The longest song I've ever listened to.

Don Mclean
American Pie

Click to listen!

A long, long time ago...
I can still remember
How that music used to make me smile.
And I knew if I had my chance
That I could make those people dance
And, maybe, they'd be happy for a while.

But february made me shiver
With every paper I'd deliver.
Bad news on the doorstep;
I couldn't take one more step.

I can't remember if I cried
When I read about his widowed bride,
But something touched me deep inside
The day the music died.

So bye-bye, miss american pie.
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
And them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin', "this'll be the day that I die.
"this'll be the day that I die."

Did you write the book of love,
And do you have faith in God above,
If the Bible tells you so?
Do you believe in rock 'n roll,
Can music save your mortal soul,
And can you teach me how to dance real slow?

Well, I know that you're in love with him
`cause I saw you dancin' in the gym.
You both kicked off your shoes.
Man, I dig those rhythm and blues.

I was a lonely teenage broncin' buck
With a pink carnation and a pickup truck,
But I knew I was out of luck
The day the music died.

I started singin',
"bye-bye, miss american pie."
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin', "this'll be the day that I die.
"this'll be the day that I die."

Now for ten years we've been on our own
And moss grows fat on a rollin' stone,
But that's not how it used to be.
When the jester sang for the king and queen,
In a coat he borrowed from james dean
And a voice that came from you and me,

Oh, and while the king was looking down,
The jester stole his thorny crown.
The courtroom was adjourned;
No verdict was returned.
And while Lenin read a book of Marx,
The quartet practiced in the park,
And we sang dirges in the dark
The day the music died.

We were singing,
"bye-bye, miss american pie."
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin', "this'll be the day that I die.
"this'll be the day that I die."

Helter skelter in a summer swelter.
The birds flew off with a fallout shelter,
Eight miles high and falling fast.
It landed foul on the grass.
The players tried for a forward pass,
With the jester on the sidelines in a cast.

Now the half-time air was sweet perfume
While the sergeants played a marching tune.
We all got up to dance,
Oh, but we never got the chance!
`cause the players tried to take the field;
The marching band refused to yield.
Do you recall what was revealed
The day the music died?

We started singing,
"bye-bye, miss american pie."
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin', "this'll be the day that I die.
"this'll be the day that I die."

Oh, and there we were all in one place,
A generation lost in space
With no time left to start again.
So come on: jack be nimble, jack be quick!
Jack flash sat on a candlestick
Cause fire is the devil's only friend.

Oh, and as I watched him on the stage
My hands were clenched in fists of rage.
No angel born in hell
Could break that satan's spell.
And as the flames climbed high into the night
To light the sacrificial rite,
I saw satan laughing with delight
The day the music died

He was singing,
"bye-bye, miss american pie."
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin', "this'll be the day that I die.
"this'll be the day that I die."

I met a girl who sang the blues
And I asked her for some happy news,
But she just smiled and turned away.
I went down to the sacred store
Where I'd heard the music years before,
But the man there said the music wouldn't play.

And in the streets: the children screamed,
The lovers cried, and the poets dreamed.
But not a word was spoken;
The church bells all were broken.
And the three men I admire most:
The father, son, and the holy ghost,
They caught the last train for the coast
The day the music died.

And they were singing,
"bye-bye, miss american pie."
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
And them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin', "this'll be the day that I die.
"this'll be the day that I die."

They were singing,
"bye-bye, miss american pie."
Drove my chevy to the levee,
But the levee was dry.
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin', "this'll be the day that I die."


Translation

Há muito, muito tempo atrás
Eu ainda consigo me lembrar
Como aquela música me fazia sorrir
E sabia que se eu tivesse minha chance
Eu poderia fazer aquelas pessoas dançarem
E, talvez, elas seriam felizes por um momento
Mas fevereiro me fez tremer
Com cada jornal que eu entreguei
Más notícias na porta
Eu não podia dar mais nenhum passo
Eu não consigo lembrar se eu chorei
Quando eu li sobre a viúva dele
Mas algo me comoveu profundamente
O dia que a música morreu

Refrão:
Então, tchau tchau, Miss American Pie*
Dirigi meu Chevy até a barragem
Mas a barragem estava seca
E eles, bons garotos, estavam bebendo uísque e rye*
Cantando "Este será o dia que eu morrerei"
"Este será o dia que eu morrerei"

Você escreveu o livro do amor?
E você tem fé em Deus?
Se a Bíblia te dizer que é assim,
Você acredita em Rock n' Roll?
A música pode salvar sua alma mortal?
E você pode me ensinar a dançar bem devagar?
Bem, eu sei que você está apaixonada por ele
Pois eu vi vocês dançando no ginásio
Vocês dois tiraram os sapatos
Cara, eu entendo o "rhythm and blues"
Eu era um adolescente solitário e desajeitado
Com um cravo rosa e uma caminhonete,
Mas eu sabia que estava sem sorte
No dia em que a música morreu

Eu comecei a cantar

Refrão

Agora por 10 anos nós estivemos sozinhos
E musgo cresce numa pedra rolante
Mas não era assim antes
Quando o bobo da corte cantou para o rei e a rainha
Com um casaco que ele pegou emprestado do James Dean
E uma voz que veio de nós
Oh, e enquanto o rei estava olhando para baixo
O bobo da corte roubou sua coroa de espinhos
A corte judicial foi adiada
Nenhum veredicto foi retornado
E enquanto Lenin lia um livro de Marx
O quarteto praticava no parque
E nós cantamos lamentações** no escuro
O dia que a música morreu

Nós estávamos cantando

Refrão

Helter Skelter num verão abafado
Os pássaros voaram com abrigo
Oito milhas de altura e caindo rápido
Pousou na grama
Os jogadores tentaram um passe para frente
Com o bobo da corte no campo
Agora o ar do primeiro tempo foi doce perfume
Enquanto os sargentos tocavam uma marchinha
Todos nós levantamos para dançar
Oh, mas nós nunca tivemos chance
Porque os jogadores tentaram tomar o campo
A banda da marchinha se recusou a desistir
Você se lembra o que foi revelado
No dia que a música morreu?

Nós começamos a cantar

Refrão

Oh, e lá estávamos nós num único lugar
Uma geração "Perdida no Espaço"
Sem tempo para recomeçar
Então, vamos, Jack, seja ágil, Jack, seja rápido
Jack Flash sentou num castiçal
Porque o fogo é o único amigo do diabo
Oh, e enquanto eu o via no palco
Minhas mão estavam cerradas em punhos de raiva
Nenhum anjo nascido no inferno
Poderia quebrar o feitiço do Satanás
E enquanto as chamas subiam pela noite
Para iluminar o ritual de sacrifício
Eu vi o Satanás rir com satisfação
No dia que a música morreu

Eu conheci uma garota que cantava blues
E eu pedi a ela umas boas notícias
Mas ela só deu um sorriso e foi embora
Eu fui à loja sagrada
Onde eu tinha escutado a música anos atrás
Mas o homem lá disse que a música não tocaria
E nas ruas as crianças gritavam
Os amantes choravam e os poetas sonhavam
Mas nenhuma palavra foi dita
Os sinos da igreja estavam todos quebrados
E os três homens que eu mais admirava
O Pai, o Filho e o Espírito Santo
Pegaram o último trem para o litoral
No dia em que a música morreu

E eles estavam cantando

Refrão

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